Physica Scripta」タグアーカイブ

Statistical properties of spherical shock waves propagating through grid turbulence, turbulent cylinder wake, and laminar flow

K. Inokuma, T. Watanabe, K. Nagata, Y. Sakai
Statistical properties of spherical shock waves propagating through grid turbulence, turbulent cylinder wake, and laminar flow
Physica Scripta 94(4) 044004 2019

This article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/aafde2.

Abstract

Wind tunnel experiments are reported for a spherical shock wave propagating through turbulent wakes of a single cylinder, double cylinders, grid-turbulence, and a laminar flow, whose influences on the shock wave are compared. Overpressure behind the shock wave is measured on a plate while streamwise velocity is measured at the flow point between the measurement plate and the location of the shock wave ejection. Average of peak-overpressure observed upon arrival of the shock wave is decreased by the mean velocity defect of the cylinder wake. Root mean squared (rms) peak-overpressure fluctuation divided by the averaged peak-overpressure is increased by turbulence, and it becomes larger with the rms velocity fluctuation. Correlation coefficients are calculated between fluctuations of peak-overpressure and low-pass filtered fluid velocity. The strong positive correlation is found for the fluid at the location where the shock ray toward the pressure measurement point passes. The length scale of velocity fluctuation with the strong correlation is related to the integral length scale of turbulence. In the double-cylinder wake experiments, the shock wave that has passed one cylinder wake interacts again with another cylinder wake before it reaches the measurement plate. The correlation coefficient for the velocity fluctuation of the first wake is weakened by the second wake, and this influence becomes more important when the rms velocity fluctuation of the second wake is larger.

日本語訳 (DeepL翻訳)

格子乱流、円柱後流、層流中を伝播する球形衝撃波の統計的性質

球形衝撃波が単円柱あるいは二重円柱の乱流後流,格子乱流,層流中を伝播し,衝撃波に与える影響を比較した風洞実験について報告する.衝撃波の後流の圧力はプレート上で測定し,流速は測定プレートと衝撃波の放出位置の間の流路で測定する.衝撃波到達時に観測されるピーク圧力の平均値は、円柱後流の平均速度欠損で減少する。平均ピーク圧力で割った実効値ピーク圧力変動は,乱流によって増加し,実効値速度変動とともに大きくなる.ピーク圧力の変動とローパスフィルターをかけた流速の相関係数を計算したところ、ピーク圧力の変動とローパスフィルターをかけた流速の変動は強い正の相関があることがわかった。圧力測定点に向かう衝撃波が通過する位置の流体では、強い正の相関が見られた。強い相関を持つ速度変動の長さスケールは、乱流の積分長さスケールと関係がある。二重円柱後流の実験では、一つの円柱後流を通過した衝撃波は、測定板に到達するまでにもう一つの円柱後流と再び相互作用する。このとき、第一後流の速度変動に対する相関係数は第二後流によって弱められ、この影響は第二後流の実効速度変動が大きいほど重要になる。

Passive scalar mixing near turbulent/non-turbulent interface in compressible turbulent boundary layers

X. Zhang, T. Watanabe, K. Nagata
Passive scalar mixing near turbulent/non-turbulent interface in compressible turbulent boundary layers
Physica Scripta 94(4) 044002 2019

Accepted manuscript is available here
This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. 

This article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/aafbdf.

Abstract

Direct numerical simulations for compressible temporally evolving turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) at Mach numbers of M = 0.8 and 1.6 are preformed up to the Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness Reθ ≈ 2200 to investigate a passive scalar field near the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) layer that is formed at the edge of the TBLs. The passive scalar is diffused from the wall in the TBLs developing on the moving wall at constant speed. The outer edge of the TNTI layer detected by an isosurface of vorticity magnitude and passive scalar are compared by visualization, and it is shown that the passive scalar can be used for detecting the TNTI layer in compressible boundary layers. Conditional statistics are calculated as a function of the distance from the outer edge of the TNTI layer. The mean thicknesses of the TNTI layer, viscous superlayer (VSL), and turbulent sublayer (TSL), is about 15ηI, 4ηI, and 11ηI, respectively (ηI: Kolmogorov length scale in the turbulent core region near the TNTI layer). The conditional mean profiles of scalar dissipation rate have a large peak near the boundary between the VSL and TSL, where the fluid with a low scalar value locally entrained from non-turbulent region encounters the turbulent fluid with a higher scalar value. The scalar dissipation rate near the TNTI depends on the TNTI orientation: it is larger near the TNTI facing the downstream direction with respective to the mean flow in the boundary layer (leading edge). This is partially explained by the dependence of the production rate of passive scalar gradient. The conditional mean production rate of the scalar dissipation rate near the leading edge is as large as in the turbulent core region while it is close to the non-turbulent value when the TNTI faces the upstream region (trailing edge).

日本語訳 (DeepL翻訳)

圧縮性乱流境界層における乱流・非乱流界面近傍のパッシブスカラー混合現象

マッハ数0.8と1.6の圧縮性時間発展型乱流境界層(TBL)の直接数値シミュレーションを運動量厚Reθ≈2200に基づくレイノルズ数まで行い、TBLの端にできる乱流/非乱流境界層(TNTI)付近のパッシブスカラー場について調べる。受動スカラーは、一定速度で移動する壁面上に形成されるTBLにおいて壁面から拡散される。渦度等値面とパッシブスカラーで検出したTNTI層外縁を可視化して比較し、パッシブスカラーが圧縮性境界層におけるTNTI層の検出に利用できることを示す。TNTI層の外縁からの距離の関数として、条件付き統計量を計算した。TNTI層、粘性上層(VSL)、乱流下層(TSL)の平均厚さは、それぞれ約15ηI, 4ηI, 11ηI (ηI:TNTI層付近の乱流中心領域のコルモゴロフ長さスケール)であった。スカラー散逸率の条件付き平均分布はVSLとTSLの境界付近に大きなピークを持つが,これは非乱領域から局所的に巻き込まれたスカラー値の低い流体が,スカラー値の高い乱流に遭遇するためである.TNTI近傍のスカラー散逸率はTNTIの向きに依存し、境界層内の平均流(前縁)に対して、下流方向を向いたTNTI近傍で大きくなる。これは受動的スカラー勾配の生成率の依存性によって部分的に説明される。スカラー散逸率の条件付き平均生成率は、前縁付近では乱流コア領域と同程度に大きく、TNTIが上流側(後縁)を向いている場合は非乱流に近い値となることがわかった。

Implicit large eddy simulation of a scalar mixing layer in fractal grid turbulence

T. Watanabe, Y. Sakai, K. Nagata, Y. Ito, T. Hayase
Implicit large eddy simulation of a scalar mixing layer in fractal grid turbulence
Physica Scripta 91(7) 74007 2016

Accepted manuscript is available here
This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. This article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/91/7/074007.

Abstract

A scalar mixing layer in fractal grid turbulence is simulated by the implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) using low-pass filtering as an implicit subgrid-scale model. The square-type fractal grid with three fractal iterations is used for generating turbulence. The streamwise evolutions of the streamwise velocity statistics obtained in the ILES are in good agreement with the experimental results. The ILES results are used for investigating the development of the scalar mixing layer behind the fractal grid. The results show that the vertical development of the scalar mixing layer strongly depends on the spanwise location. Near the fractal grid, the scalar mixing layer rapidly develops just behind the largest grid bars owing to the vertical turbulent transport. The scalar mixing layer near the fractal grid also develops outside the largest grid bars because the scalar is transported between the outside and back of the largest grid bars by the spanwise turbulent transport. In the downstream region, the scalar mixing layer develops more rapidly near the grid centerline by the vertical turbulent transport and by the spanwise one which transports the scalar between the back of the largest grid bars and both the centerline and outer edge of the fractal grid. Then, the mean scalar profile becomes close to be homogeneous in the spanwise direction.

日本語訳 (DeepL翻訳)

フラクタル格子乱流におけるスカラー混合層の陰的ラージ・エディ・シミュレーション

フラクタル格子乱流中のスカラー混合層を、陰的サブグリッドスケールモデルとしてローパスフィルターを用いた陰的ラージ・エディ・シミュレーション(ILES)により解析した。乱流の生成には3回のフラクタル反復を行う正方形タイプのフラクタル格子を使用した.ILESで得られた速度統計量の流れ方向の発展は、実験結果とよく一致した。ILESの結果は、フラクタルグリッド後方のスカラー混合層の発達を調べるために使用さ れた。その結果、スカラー混合層の鉛直方向の発達はスパン方向の位置に強く依存することがわかった。フラクタル格子近傍では、垂直方向の乱流輸送により、最大格子棒の直後でスカラー混合層が急速に発達する。また、フラクタル格子近傍のスカラー混合層は、スパン方向の乱流輸送によってスカラーが最大格子棒の外側と後ろとの間で輸送されるため、最大格子棒の外側にも発達する。下流域では、格子中心線付近では、鉛直方向の乱流輸送と、最大格子棒の背面とフラクタル格子の中心線および外縁の間でスカラーを輸送するスパン方向の乱流輸送によって、より急速にスカラー混合層が発達する。その結果, 平均スカラー分布は格子幅方向で均質に近くなる.

Joint statistics between velocity and reactive scalar in a turbulent liquid jet with a chemical reaction

T. Watanabe, Y. Sakai, K. Nagata, O. Terashima
Joint statistics between velocity and reactive scalar in a turbulent liquid jet with a chemical reaction
Physica Scripta T155 014039 2013

Accepted manuscript is available here
This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. This article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2013/T155/014039.

Abstract

Joint statistics between the velocity and the concentration of reactive species are experimentally investigated in a planar liquid jet with a second-order chemical reaction A +  B → R. Reactant species A and B are premixed in a jet flow and a main flow, respectively. An optical fibre probe based on light absorption spectrometry is used to measure the instantaneous concentrations of reactive species. The stream-wise velocity and the concentrations of reactive species are simultaneously measured by combining the optical fibre probe with I-type hot-film anemometry, and we investigate the influence of the chemical reaction on correlation coefficients, joint probability density functions and cospectra of u and γi, where u is the stream-wise velocity fluctuation and γi is the concentration fluctuation of species i. The results show that the absolute value of the correlation coefficient between u and γB becomes small owing to the chemical reaction, whereas that between u and γA becomes large on the jet centreline. It is also shown that the influence of the chemical reaction on the cospectrum of u and γi in the upstream region and near the jet centreline is different from that in the downstream region and the outer edge of the flow.

日本語訳 (DeepL翻訳)

化学反応を伴う乱流液体噴流における速度と反応スカラーの結合統計量

2次化学反応A + B → Rを伴う平面液体ジェットにおいて、速度と反応種濃度の間の共同統計量を実験的に調べた。反応種AおよびBはそれぞれジェット流および主流において予混合される。光吸収分光法に基づく光ファイバープローブを用いて、反応種の瞬時濃度を測定する。光ファイバープローブとI型ホットフィルム流速計を組み合わせて流速と反応種濃度を同時に測定し、流速変動をu、反応種iの濃度変動をγiとして、相関係数、結合確率密度関数、コスペクトルへの化学反応の影響を調査した。その結果、uとγBの相関係数の絶対値は化学反応により小さくなり、一方、uとγAの相関係数はジェット中心線上で大きくなることが示された。また、化学反応がuとγiのコスペクトラムに与える影響は、上流域やジェット中心線付近と下流域や流れの外縁部では異なることが示された。

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